Doer / Done to (Part II)

Here is a list of some nouns with -er and some nouns with -ee aiming to show that there is rarely a correspondence between them.

Doer/ actor (-er)	Done to/ Passive (-ee)
leader	-
employer	employee
reader	-
winner	-
singer	-
-	adressee
-	amputee
-	appointee
-	assignee
-	deportee
-	evacuee
examiner	examinee
interviewer	interviewee
-	licensee
payer	payee
-	refugee
-	trustee

Doer / Done to

-er

Occupation or pastime

-er combines with verbs to form nouns. Nouns formed in this way refer to people who do the action decribed by the original verb, usually because it is their job. For exemple, a 'baker' is someone who bakes and sells bread and cakes; the 'leader' of a group of people or organization is the person who leads it or who is in charge of it.

He sometimes helped Mr Mueller in the kitchen as a cook and a baker.

The driver went back and started the bus.

I went to London and tried to earn my living as a portrait painter.

She was a student teacher, spending a year in a school in Cambridge.

-ee

Someone who is affected by an action

-ee combines with transitive verbs which describe actions to form nouns. Nouns formed in this way refer to the person that the action is being done to. For exemple, an 'employee' is somenone who is employed by a firm; a 'trainee' is someone who is being trained to do a particular job.

Conflict arose between employer and employee.

...the year's nominee for the exchenge scheme.

...various appointees to lesser points."

Text extracted from Collins Cobuild English Guides 2: Word Formation.

London, HarperCollinsPublishers, 1991. p. 42/48

Revisão da prova

Aos alunos que pediram revisão informamos que:

A questão II. Referentes, item 2, this, no texto se refere à "his claim to be the best known..." l. 23.

Todas os pedidos foram indeferidos, pois as respostas ainda que circundem o tema não chegam a tratar do que propõe a questão.

A questão V A 1. sobre o vocábulo thoroughly - o significado nesse contexto seria precisamente plenamente, completamente. No entanto, para aqueles que pediram revisão as respostas como fortemente e firmemente foram consideradas como meio certo e atribuído o valor de 1,25 no total da prova.

Assim, os alunos:

Iana Maria Andrade da Mata,

Fernanda Honeska,

Ana Luiza Barros de Almeida e

Eliane Pereira de Sousa Leal

podem procurar a monitoria por email para saber qual a nova nota.

Att.,

Suffix -ly forming adjectives

"-ly combines with nouns and occasionally adjectives to form new adjectives. Adejctives formed in this way describe things or people that have the qualities or characteristics which are typical of the original nouns and adjectives. For example, if someone is 'lively', they are very active, enthusiastic, and cheerful; if someone is 'frindly', they behave in a pleasant and kind way as if they are or would like to be your friend.

They are bright, alert and lively.

They were beautiful, lovely people.

Here is a list of words with this meaning:

brotherly

costly

deadly

earthly

easterly

elderly

fatherly

friendly

heavenly

kindly

leisurely

lively

lonely

lovely

lowly

manly

motherly

northerly

orderly

saintly

shapely

sickly

sisterly

southerly

westerly

womanly

worldly

...

PRODUCTIVE USE: -ly combines with nouns that refer to people in order to form adjectives. For example, 'soldierly' skills are skills that a soldier typically has; 'musicianly' interests are interests that a musician is likely to have.

To prove their soldierly abilities they started cutting off the knot of hair the Navahos wore.

She was on neighbourly terms with the Woods."

Text extracted from Collins Cobuild English Guides 2: Word Formation.

London, HarperCollinsPublishers, 1991. p. 101-102